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This is a list of unusually long mathematical proofs. , the longest mathematical proof, measured by number of published journal pages, is the classification of finite simple groups with well over 10000 pages. There are several proofs that would be far longer than this if the details of the computer calculations they depend on were published in full. ==Long proofs== The length of unusually long proofs has increased with time. As a rough rule of thumb, 100 pages in 1900, or 200 pages in 1950, or 500 pages in 2000 is unusually long for a proof. *1799 The Abel–Ruffini theorem was nearly proved by Paolo Ruffini, but his proof, spanning 500 pages, was mostly ignored and later, in 1824, Niels Henrik Abel published a proof that required just six pages *1890 Killing's classification of simple complex Lie algebras, including his discovery of the exceptional Lie algebras, took 180 pages in 4 papers. *1894 The ruler-and-compass construction of a polygon of 65537 sides by Johann Gustav Hermes took over 200 pages. *1905 Emanuel Lasker's original proof of the Lasker–Noether theorem took 98 pages, but has since been simplified: modern proofs are less than a page long. *1963 Odd order theorem This was 255 pages long, which at the time was over 10 times as long as what had previously been considered a long paper in group theory. *1964 Resolution of singularities Hironaka's original proof was 216 pages long; it has since been simplified considerably down to about 10 or 20 pages. *1966 Abyhankar's proof of resolution of singularities for 3-folds in characteristic greater than 6 covered about 500 pages in several papers. (In 2009 Cutkosky simplified this to about 40 pages.) *1966 Discrete series representations of Lie groups. Harish-Chandra's construction of these involved a long series of papers totaling around 500 pages. His later work on the Plancherel theorem for semisimple groups added another 150 pages to these. *1968 the Novikov-Adian proof solving Burnside's problem on finitely generated infinite groups with finite exponents negatively. The three-part original paper is more than 300 pages long. (Britton later published a 282 page paper attempting to solve the problem, but his paper contained a serious gap.) *1960–1970 Fondements de la Géometrie Algébrique, Éléments de géométrie algébrique and Séminaire de géométrie algébrique. Grothendieck's work on the foundations of algebraic geometry covers many thousands of pages. Although this is not a proof of a single theorem, there are several theorems in it whose proofs depend on hundreds of earlier pages. *1974 N-group theorem Thompson's classification of N-groups used 6 papers totaling about 400 pages, but also used earlier results of his such as the odd order theorem, which bring to total length up to more than 700 pages. *1974 Ramanujan conjecture and the Weil conjectures. While Deligne's final paper proving these was "only" about 30 pages long, it depended on background results in algebraic geometry and étale cohomology that Deligne estimated to be about 2000 pages long. *1974 4-color theorem. Appel and Haken's proof of this took 139 pages, and also depended on long computer calculations. *1974 The Gorenstein–Harada theorem classifying finite groups of sectional 2-rank at most 4 was 464 pages long. *1976 Eisenstein series Langlands's proof of the functional equation for Eisenstein series was 337 pages long. *1983 Trichotomy theorem Gorenstein and Lyons's proof for the case of rank at least 4 was 731 pages long, and Aschbacher's proof of the rank 3 case adds another 159 pages, for a total of 890 pages. *1983 Selberg trace formula Hejhal's proof of a general form of the Selberg trace formula consisted of 2 volumes with a total length of 1322 pages. *Arthur–Selberg trace formula. Arthur's proofs of the various versions of this cover several hundred pages spread over many papers. *2000 Almgren's regularity theorem Almgren's proof was 955 pages long. *2000 Lafforgue's theorem on the Langlands conjecture for the general linear group over function fields. Laurent Lafforgue's proof of this was about 600 pages long, not counting many pages of background results. *2003 Poincaré conjecture, Geometrization theorem, Geometrization conjecture. Perelman's original proofs of the Poincaré conjecture and the Geometrization conjecture were not lengthy, but were rather sketchy. Several other mathematicians have published proofs with the details filled in, which come to several hundred pages. *2004 Quasithin groups The classification of the simple quasithin groups by Aschbacher and Smith was 1221 pages long, one of the longest single papers ever written. *2004 Classification of finite simple groups. The proof of this is spread out over hundreds of journal articles which makes it hard to estimate its total length, which is probably around 10000 to 20000 pages. *2004 Robertson–Seymour theorem. The proof takes about 500 pages spread over about 20 papers. *2005 Kepler conjecture Hales's proof of this involves several hundred pages of published arguments, together with several gigabytes of computer calculations. *2006 the strong perfect graph theorem, by Maria Chudnovsky, Neil Robertson, Paul Seymour, and Robin Thomas. 180 pages in the Annals of Mathematics. *2012 Inter-universal Teichmüller theory Mochizuki's work on this (which is still being verified) covers many hundreds of pages spread over several long papers. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of long mathematical proofs」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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